What an ushanka is
The ushanka is a winter cap with ear flaps that can be folded up over the top or tied down over the ears. The name comes from the Russian word for ear (ukho), which reflects the flaps. It was one of the most recognisable items of Soviet winter clothing, and it is still widely used in Russia today.
Winter headgear in the Red Army
Soldiers wore the ushanka alongside other winter clothing, such as the greatcoat, padded clothing and felt boots. Soviet winter headgear was not a single fixed pattern. Designs, materials and details changed over time and varied between issue batches, so an item can be correct for one period and questionable for another.
For the wider uniform, see Soviet WWII uniforms and insignia. For the field side cap that was worn in warmer weather, see Soviet pilotka field caps: identification guide.
Key features to check
- Earflaps. Check the shape, the way the flaps join the crown, and the ties. Flaps and ties were often replaced, so check that their attachment matches the cap.
- The top and crown. The outer cloth should suit the period and show wear consistent with the rest of the cap.
- The lining. Check the lining material, its stitching and its wear. Linings were often replaced or patched.
- The star badge. Look at the material, attachment and finish, as with other Soviet caps.
- Labels and markings. Where present, they can help date an item, but copies exist.
Fur, lining and materials
The fur or pile on winter caps varied with supply, and collectors should identify it by feel and appearance rather than by a single expected type. Sources differ on which furs were used and when, so do not rely on a stated fur type without a documented source. Check that the fur is consistent with the cap’s construction and wear.
Star badges and how they were attached
Star badges on winter caps were fixed in several ways, including pins, lugs and stitching. Check whether the fixing holes and marks fit the badge, and whether there are signs that a badge has been moved. A badge that looks correct but sits in the wrong place can point to later alteration.
Reproductions and mix-ups
- Modern winter caps. Some modern and later caps resemble wartime designs, so compare details carefully.
- Mixed parts. Ear flaps, linings and badges from different sources are common in the market.
- Size and fit. Caps that are very large or very small for a standard issue may have been altered.
Care and storage
Winter caps are vulnerable to moth damage, especially in the wool and in the fur. Store them in a dry place in breathable material, and check them regularly for signs of insects. Keep them away from damp, which can cause mould and weaken the lining. Brush the fur gently and avoid heavy handling of the ear flaps, which can split at the stitching.
Related guides
- Soviet pilotka field caps: identification guide covers the warm-weather side cap.
- What types of uniforms did soldiers wear during World War II? gives the wider context of wartime clothing.